SPECIAL FEATURE Determinants of Biodiversity Change: Ecological Tools for Building Scenarios

As defined in the recent Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), biodiversity scenarios are ‘‘plausible alternative futures.’’ They do not attempt to predict the precise future state of biodiversity, but rather they identify the consequences of the different paths that human society may follow for biodiversity. Scenarios are designed to assist decision makers by identifying costs and benefits, in terms of biodiversity, of alternative actions. Within the framework of the MA, the first stage in developing biodiversity scenarios was to identify the major drivers of biodiversity change in the next 50–100 years. Land-use change, climate change, and nutrient enrichment were identified as the major drivers of biodiversity change in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The next steps in constructing successful biodiversity scenarios are (1) assessing changes in drivers of different socioeconomic scenarios and (2) developing the algorithms that relate changes in drivers with changes in biodiversity. This Special Feature focuses on a key component of the second of these two steps: evaluating the current tools used by ecologists to develop scenarios based on changes in drivers of biodiversity change. Land-use change has been recognized as the most important driver of biodiversity change in the current century. Models that simulate the interaction between economic and ecological systems estimate rates of deforestation and land-use change for different socioeconomic scenarios. However, not all species disappear as a result of land-use change. In this Special Feature, Pereira and Daily explore the question of how many species and which species can persist in modified landscapes. They used two different approaches, the classic species–area relationship and demographic models, focusing on the terrestrial mammal fauna of Central America. The approaches reported in the article by Pereira and Daily require information on species density in addition to data on land-use change. Biodiversity scenarios also need to start with a solid understanding of the current biodiversity patterns before human disturbance, but information on global patterns of current biodiversity is scarce. These data are generally available only for a few taxa, such as vascular plants, which have been a primary focus of taxonomic efforts. Volkmar Wolters et al. report on a study of the relationship among patterns of species density for different taxa and address the question of how valid it is to extrapolate from data based on the diversity of vascular plants to other taxa. Biodiversity scenarios should also explore the consequences for species richness of changes in drivers, such as land-use or climate change. Ibáñez et al. explore new approaches to assess the impacts of climate change and land-use change on biodiversity that go beyond the use of climate envelopes and species–area relationships. The authors suggest that extinctions are difficult to predict and to assess in the field. Their proposed alternative is to use variables that are related to biodiversity and that are diagnostic of extinction but that are more predictable than extinctions. Expected anthropogenic climate change will redistribute the locations where specific climatic conditions favorable to the survival of a species will occur. The effect of climate change on biodiversity loss is determined not only by the occurrence of climate conditions for survival, but also by the ability of individual species to migrate to the new location. Ibáñez et al. address the question of migration constraints and how these constraints may modulate the effect of climate change on biodiversity loss.